• Skip to main content
  • Skip to secondary menu
  • Skip to primary sidebar
  • Skip to footer

UniversalEssays

Essay Writing Tips, Topics, and Examples

How it WorksPrices+1 312 56 68 949Chat nowSign inOrder
  • Custom Writing Services
  • Essay Topics
  • How it Works?
  • Prices
  • FAQ
  • Why Trust Us
  • Order
UniversalEssays » Essay Examples » American Literature Essay » Booker T. Washington Essay

Booker T. Washington Essay

Custom Writing Services

This sample Booker T. Washington Essay is published for informational purposes only. Free essays and research papers, are not written by our writers, they are contributed by users, so we are not responsible for the content of this free sample paper. If you want to buy a high quality essay at affordable price please use our custom essay writing service.

A respected educator and founder of the Tuskegee Institute, Booker T. Washington was one of the most important social thinkers of the early twentieth century. His 1895 speech before a racially mixed audience at the Atlanta Cotton States and International Exposition won him national recognition. Washington’s Up from Slavery (1901) is a classic American autobiography that has long inspired black and white readers alike.

Works in Biographical and Historical Context

Born into Slavery

Washington was born in 1856 near Roanoke, Virginia, at Hale’s Farm, where his mother was the slave cook of James Burroughs, a minor planter. His father was white and possibly a member of the Burroughs family. As a child, Washington swept yards and brought water to slaves working in the fields. Freed after the American Civil War, he and his mother went to Malden, West Virginia, to join Washington Ferguson, whom his mother had married during the war. Booker later added “Washington” to his name.

In Malden, young Washington helped support the family by working in salt furnaces and coal mines. He taught himself the alphabet, then studied nights with the teacher of a local school for blacks. In 1870 he started doing housework for the owner of the coal mine where he worked. The owner’s wife, an austere New Englander, encouraged his studies and instilled in Washington a great regard for education.

Journey to Hampton, and Tuskegee

In the South after the Civil War, blacks—although they were legally free—were often denied access to basic services and institutions. In some cases, special facilities, including schools were created for blacks in order to keep them separated from whites. In 1872 Washington set out for the Hampton Institute, a school set up for blacks by the Virginia legislature. He walked much of the way and worked at menial jobs to earn the fare to complete the five-hundred-mile journey. Washington spent three years at Hampton and paid for his room and board by working as a janitor. After graduating with honors in 1875, he taught for two years in Malden, then returned to Hampton to teach American Indians as part of a special program.

In 1881, General Samuel Chapman Armstrong, the principal at Hampton, recommended Washington to the Alabama legislature for the job of principal of a new school for black students at Tuskegee. Washington was accepted for the position, but when he arrived in Tuskegee he discovered that neither land nor buildings had been acquired for the projected school, nor were there any funds for these purposes. Consequently, Washington began classes with thirty students in a shanty donated by a black church. Soon, however, he was able to borrow money to buy an abandoned plantation nearby and moved the school there.

Building the Tuskegee Institute

Convinced that economic strength was the best route to political and social equality for blacks, Washington encouraged Tuskegee students to learn industrial skills. Carpentry, cabinetmaking, printing, shoemaking, and tinsmithing were among the first courses the school offered. Boys also studied farming and dairying, while girls learned cooking and sewing and other skills related to homemaking. At Tuskegee, strong emphasis was placed on personal hygiene, manners, and character building. Students followed a rigid schedule of study and work and were required to attend chapel daily and a series of religious services on Sunday. Washington usually conducted the Sunday evening program himself.

During his thirty-four-year career as principal of Tuskegee, the school’s curriculum expanded to include instruction in professions as well as trades. At the time of Washington’s death from arteriosclerosis and extreme exhaustion in 1915, Tuskegee had an endowment of two million dollars and a staff of two hundred. Nearly two thousand students were enrolled in the regular courses, and about the same number in special courses and the extension division. Among its all-black faculty was the renowned agricultural scientist George Washington Carver. So revered was Washington at Tuskegee that he was buried in a brick tomb, made by students, on a hill overlooking the Institute.

A Public Figure

Although his administration of Tuskegee is Washington’s best-known achievement, his work as an educator was only one aspect of his multifaceted career. Washington spent much time raising money for Tuskegee and publicizing the school and its philosophy. His success in securing the praise and financial support of northern philanthropists was remarkable. One of his admirers was industrialist Andrew Carnegie, who thought Washington ”one of the most wonderful men …whoever has lived.” Many other political, intellectual, and religious leaders were almost as approving.

Washington was also in demand as a speaker, and he won national fame on the lecture circuit. His most famous speech was his address at the opening of the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta in September, 1895. Later known as the Atlanta Compromise, the speech contained the essence of Washington’s educational and racial views and was, according to the historian C. Vann Woodward, ”his stock speech for the rest of his life.” Emphasizing to black members of the audience the importance of economic power, Washington contended that ”the opportunity to earn a dollar in a factory just now is worth infinitely more than the opportunity to spend a dollar in an opera house.” Consequently, he urged blacks not to strain race relations in the South by demanding social equality with whites.

At the Center of Controversy

The Atlanta speech, C. Vann Woodward has noted, ”contained nothing [Washington] had not said many times before…. But in the midst of racial crisis,” Washington’s speech ”electrified conservative hopes.” Washington was hailed in the white press as leader and spokesman for all American blacks and successor to the prominent abolitionist Frederick Douglass, who had died a few months earlier.

Washington’s position, however, was denounced by many black leaders, including civil-rights activist W. E. B. Du Bois, who objected to Washington’s emphasis on vocational training and economic advancement and argued that higher education and political agitation would win equality for blacks. According to historian August Meier, a pioneering authority on Washington’s place in intellectual history, those blacks who accepted his ”accommodation” doctrines ”understood that through tact and indirection [Washington] hoped to secure the good will of the white man and the eventual recognition of the constitutional rights of American Negroes.”

The contents of Washington’s private papers reinforce the later interpretation of the educator’s motives. These documents offer evidence that in spite of the cautious stance that he maintained publicly, Washington was covertly engaged in challenging racial injustices and in improving social and economic conditions for blacks. The prominence he gained by his placating demeanor enabled him to work surreptitiously against segregation and disenfranchisement and to win political appointments that helped advance the cause of racial equality. ”In other words,” Woodward argues, ”he secretly attacked the racial settlement that he publicly sanctioned.”

Up from Slavery

Among Washington’s many published works is his autobiography Up from Slavery, an account of his life from slave to eminent educator. Often referred to by critics as a classic, its style is simple, direct, and anecdotal. Like his numerous essays and speeches, Up from Slavery promotes his racial philosophy and, in Woodward’s opinion, ”presents [Washington’s] experience mythically, teaches ‘lessons’ and reflects a sunny optimism about black life in America.” Woodward adds, ”It was the classic American success story.” Praised lavishly, Up from Slavery became a best-seller in the United States and was eventually translated into more than a dozen languages.

Even after achieving literary success, Washington continued to focus his time and energy on his duties at the Tuskegee Institute until his death on November 14, 1915, at the age of fifty-nine.

Works in Literary Context

As a literary figure, Washington is remembered today for two works: Up from Slavery and the Atlanta Exposition speech (and in fact, the speech is included as a chapter in the former). A reluctant author persuaded to write by his admirers, Washington was not a natural stylist. His books reflect the main concern of his life in the outside world— namely, the ”raising up” of his fellow black Americans by means of land ownership and a thorough education, with emphasis on the mastery of skilled trades. As much propaganda as literature, his work launches itself at the consciousness of the reader with the immediacy of speech. An exhortation in writing from one of the greatest public speakers of his time, Up from Slavery delves deep into the personal experience of the man who wrote it. This experience sustains its author in the alien terrain of ”literature.” As a writer, Washington impresses by simplicity of utterance, by a telling use of anecdotes in the building of arguments, and above all by his grasp of practical detail. As he states, ”I have great faith in the power and influence of facts.”

The Rags-to-Riches Story

Thrift and industry are the solutions Washington preaches, the familiar nineteenth-century gospel of self-help given substance by his own success at Tuskegee. Washington’s autobiography thus fits clearly into the tradition of the rags-to-riches story. It has often been compared to Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography (1791), an early example of the genre, and with the tales of Horatio Alger, the dime novelist well-known for his stories about impoverished youths who achieve wealth through sheer determination. The title of Washington’s narrative suggests his inexorable optimism: he is interested in movement upward, a movement that in Washington’s own case was effected by his ”struggle for an education.” He based his personal confrontation with white America, although at times it scarcely seems to be a confrontation, on the belief that ”every persecuted individual and race should get much consolation out of the great human law, which is universal and eternal, that merit, no matter under what skin found, is in the long run, recognized and rewarded.” The tension that exists in Up from Slavery is between Washington’s unwavering self-belief, his tenacious self-reliance and idealism, and the society that excluded him.

The Slave Narrative

Up from Slavery is also one of the most famous slave narratives. This genre had its origins in the eighteenth century, and normally features the recollections of a former slave who has escaped from captivity. The genre was most popular in the United States in the first half of the nineteenth century, when a large number were written as part of the political movement to end slavery; famous narratives produced during this era include Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (1845) and Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861) by Harriet Jacobs. After the Civil War and the end of slavery, the genre became less popular, and coming after the turn of the twentieth century, Up from Slavery is a late entry. However, it has many of the features of the traditional slave narrative, especially in its focus on education. In the post-Civil War examples of the genre, literacy and education in general is a precious commodity bought by the narrator with some difficulty, and celebrated as a key to freedom. By substituting “progress” for “freedom,” Washington’s quest for education fits this mold exactly.

Works in Critical Context

Washington’s work, especially the politics to be found in his books, has an old-fashioned quality, and many critics have been unwilling to grant him the status of a “great” writer. What keeps people reading him? One answer is his personality, which is appealing on a number of levels. Writing of Up from Slavery, one of Washington’s first literary advocates, the critic William Dean Howells, wrote of the charming qualities he saw in Washington, ”whose winning yet manly personality and whose ideal of self-devotion must endear him to every reader of his book.” Geoff Sadler has more recently seen similar qualities in Washington:

Throughout his writings, one is made aware of Washington’s humanity, the genuine concern for his fellows that informs every page. Undoubtedly a man of strongly held opinions, he seems incapable of malice (”No man shall drag me down by making me hate him”). Self-taught himself, he never loses his close affinity with the black working man, whose respect he clearly retained.

Up from Slavery

One of the most persistent defenders of Washington as a literary artist is the critic Houston Baker, who has written repeatedly about the qualities he has found in Up from Slavery and that others have overlooked. In Modernism and the Harlem Renaissance (1987), Baker argues that the book is characterized by a conscious design, an effort to adopt the literary conventions of dominant white culture and use them for political ends: ”Given that Up from Slavery has some-times been considered merely an imitative version of Horatio Alger or of Andrew Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth (1889), how can one justify an emphasis on self-conscious design” in the book? ”One possible answer to this question can be formulated in structural terms. In Washington’s work more than forty of two hundred total pages are devoted to oratorical concerns.” According to Baker, the book is at one level a public speaking manual, ”setting forth strategies of address (ways of talking black and back) designed for Afro-American empowerment.” Washington is, however, a subtle enough author to leave the discovery of these strategies to his readers.

References:

  1. Baker, Houston A., Jr. Turning South Again: Re-Thinking Modernism/Re-Reading Booker T. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2001.
  2. Bieze, Michael. Booker T. Washington and the Art of Self-Representaton. New York: Peter Lang, 2008.
  3. Harlan, Louis R. Booker T. Washington: The Wizard of Tuskegee, 1901-1915. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983.
  4. Meier, August. Negro Thought in America, 1880-1915: Racial Ideologies in the Age of Booker T. Washington. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press, 1963.
  5. West, Michael Rudolph. The Education of Booker T.Washington: American Democracy and the Idea of Race Relations. New York: Columbia University Press, 2006.
  6. Ashton, Susanna. ”Entitles: Booker T. Washington’s Signs of Play.” Southern Literary Journal 39 (Spring 2007): 1-23.
  7. Gibson, Donald B. ”Strategies and Revisions of Self-Representation in Booker T. Washington’s Autobiography.” American Quarterly 45 (September 1993): 370-393.
  8. Hicks, Scott. ‘W. E. B. Du Bois, Booker T. Washington, and Richard Wright.” Callaloo: A Journal of African Diaspora Arts and Letters 29 (Winter 2006): 202-222.
  9. Totten, Gary. ”Southernizing Travel in the Black Atlantic: Booker T. Washington’s The Man Farthest Down.” MELUS 32 (Summer 2007): 107-131.
  10. National Park Service. Booker T. Washington National Monument. Retrieved November 19, 2008, from http://www.nps.gov/archive/bowa/home.htm.

See also:

  • American Literature Essay
  • Literature Essay
  • Literature Essay Topic

Free essays are not written to satisfy your specific instructions. You can use our professional writing services to order a custom essay, research paper, or term paper on any topic and get your high quality paper at affordable price. UniversalEssays is the best choice for those who seek help in essay writing or research paper writing in any field of study.

◀Robert Penn Warren Essay
Wendy Wasserstein Essay▶

Primary Sidebar

  • Facebook
  • GitHub
  • Instagram
  • Pinterest
  • Twitter
  • YouTube

Custom Writing Services

Custom Writing Services

UniversalEssays

  • American Literature Essay
    • John McPhee Essay
    • Thomas Merton Essay
    • W. S. Merwin Essay
    • James A. Michener Essay
    • Edna St. Vincent Millay Essay
    • Vassar Miller Essay
    • Margaret Mitchell Essay
    • N. Scott Momaday Essay
    • Lorrie Moore Essay
    • Marianne Moore Essay
    • Pat Mora Essay
    • Tillie Olsen Essay
    • Carl Sandburg Essay
    • Margaret Fuller Essay
    • Abigail Adams Essay
    • Henry Adams Essay
    • James Agee Essay
    • Conrad Aiken Essay
    • Edward Albee Essay
    • Mitch Albom Essay
    • Louisa May Alcott Essay
    • Sherman Alexie Essay
    • Horatio Alger, Jr Essay
    • Paula Gunn Allen Essay
    • Dorothy Allison Essay
    • Julia Alvarez Essay
    • Rudolfo Anaya Essay
    • Jack Anderson Essay
    • Laurie Halse Anderson Essay
    • Sherwood Anderson Essay
    • Maya Angelou Essay
    • Piers Anthony Essay
    • Mary Antin Essay
    • John Ashbery Essay
    • Isaac Asimov Essay
    • Jean Auel Essay
    • Paul Auster Essay
    • Mary Hunter Austin Essay
    • Avi Essay
    • Jimmy Santiago Baca Essay
    • Russell Baker Essay
    • James Baldwin Essay
    • Toni Cade Bambara Essay
    • Mary Jo Bang Essay
    • Amiri Baraka Essay
    • Djuna Barnes Essay
    • John Barth Essay
    • Donald Barthelme Essay
    • Y L. Frank Baum Essay
    • Ann Beattie Essay
    • Edward Bellamy Essay
    • Saul Bellow Essay
    • Aimee Bender Essay
    • Stephen Vincent Benet Essay
    • Wendell Berry Essay
    • John Berryman Essay
    • Ambrose Bierce Essay
    • Elizabeth Bishop Essay
    • Black Elk Essay
    • Lee Blessing Essay
    • Harold Bloom Essay
    • Judy Blume Essay
    • Robert Bly Essay
    • Gertrude Bonnin Essay
    • Arna Bontemps Essay
    • T. Coraghessan Boyle Essay
    • Ray Bradbury Essay
    • William Bradford Essay
    • Marion Zimmer Bradley Essay
    • Anne Bradstreet Essay
    • Richard Brautigan Essay
    • Gwendolyn Brooks Essay
    • Charles Brockden Brown Essay
    • Dan Brown Essay
    • Dee Brown Essay
    • Rosellen Brown Essay
    • Joseph Bruchac Essay
    • William Cullen Bryant Essay
    • Pearl S. Buck Essay
    • William F. Buckley Essay
    • Thomas Bulfinch Essay
    • Carlos Bulosan Essay
    • Edgar Rice Burroughs Essay
    • Octavia Butler Essay
    • Robert Olen Butler Essay
    • William Byrd II Essay
    • James Branch Cabell Essay
    • Truman Capote Essay
    • Orson Scott Card Essay
    • Rachel Carson Essay
    • Raymond Carver Essay
    • Ana Castillo Essay
    • Willa Cather Essay
    • Lorna Dee Cervantes Essay
    • Michael Chabon Essay
    • Raymond Chandler Essay
    • Diana Chang Essay
    • Paddy Chayefsky Essay
    • John Cheever Essay
    • Mary Chesnut Essay
    • Alice Childress Essay
    • Frank Chin Essay
    • Marilyn Chin Essay
    • Kate Chopin Essay
    • Sandra Cisneros Essay
    • Tom Clancy Essay
    • Mary Higgins Clark Essay
    • Beverly Cleary Essay
    • Lucille Clifton Essay
    • Judith Ortiz Cofer Essay
    • Robert P. Tristram Coffin Essay
    • Eugenia Collier Essay
    • Billy Collins Essay
    • Richard Connell Essay
    • Pat Conroy Essay
    • James Fenimore Cooper Essay
    • Robert Cormier Essay
    • Hart Crane Essay
    • Stephen Crane Essay
    • Robert Creeley Essay
    • J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur Essay
    • Michael Crichton Essay
    • Mark Crilley Essay
    • Davy Crockett Essay
    • Victor Hernandez Cruz Essay
    • Countee Cullen Essay
    • E. E. Cummings Essay
    • Michael Cunningham Essay
    • Richard Henry Dana, Jr. Essay
    • Edwidge Danticat Essay
    • Rebecca Harding Davis Essay
    • Borden Deal Essay
    • Don DeLillo Essay
    • Kate DiCamillo Essay
    • Philip K. Dick Essay
    • James Dickey Essay
    • Emily Dickinson Essay
    • Joan Didion Essay
    • Annie Dillard Essay
    • Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni Essay
    • Chuck Dixon Essay
    • Gregory Djanikian Essay
    • E. L. Doctorow Essay
    • Hilda Doolittle Essay
    • Michael Dorris Essay
    • John Dos Passos Essay
    • Frederick Douglass Essay
    • Rita Dove Essay
    • Theodore Dreiser Essay
    • W. E. B. Du Bois Essay
    • Andre Dubus Essay
    • Andre Dubus III Essay
    • Firoozeh Dumas Essay
    • Paul Laurence Dunbar Essay
    • Lois Duncan Essay
    • Jonathan Edwards Essay
    • Dave Eggers Essay
    • Barbara Ehrenreich Essay
    • Will Eisner Essay
    • Bret Easton Ellis Essay
    • Ralph Ellison Essay
    • Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay
    • Eve Ensler Essay
    • Olaudah Equiano Essay
    • Louise Erdrich Essay
    • Martin Espada Essay
    • Jeffrey Eugenides Essay
    • William Faulkner Essay
    • Lawrence Ferlinghetti Essay
    • Harvey Fierstein Essay
    • Jack Finney Essay
    • F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay
    • Fannie Flagg Essay
    • Jonathan Safran Foer Essay
    • Horton Foote Essay
    • Shelby Foote Essay
    • Richard Ford Essay
    • Hannah Webster Foster Essay
    • Benjamin Franklin Essay
    • Jonathan Franzen Essay
    • Russell Freedman Essay
    • Betty Friedan Essay
    • Robert Frost Essay
    • Robert Fulghum Essay
    • Ernest J. Gaines Essay
    • Diana Garcia Essay
    • John Gardner Essay
    • Rick Geary Essay
    • Kaye Gibbons Essay
    • Charlotte Perkins Gilman Essay
    • Allen Ginsberg Essay
    • Nikki Giovanni Essay
    • Ellen Glasgow Essay
    • Susan Glaspell Essay
    • Louise Gluck Essay
    • Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzales Essay
    • Frances Goodrich Essay
    • Sue Grafton Essay
    • Zane Grey Essay
    • John Grisham Essay
    • Judith Guest Essay
    • John Gunther Essay
    • David Guterson Essay
    • Albert Hackett Essay
    • Alex Haley Essay
    • Donald Hall Essay
    • Jane Hamilton Essay
    • Virginia Hamilton Essay
    • Dashiell Hammett Essay
    • Lorraine Hansberry Essay
    • Joy Harjo Essay
    • Frances Ellen Watkins Harper Essay
    • Joel Chandler Harris Essay
    • Jim Harrison Essay
    • Bret Harte Essay
    • Robert Hass Essay
    • Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay
    • Robert Hayden Essay
    • William Least Heat-Moon Essay
    • Robert Heinlein Essay
    • W. C. Heinz Essay
    • Joseph Heller Essay
    • Lillian Hellman Essay
    • Mark Helprin Essay
    • Ernest Hemingway Essay
    • Beth Henley Essay
    • O. Henry Essay
    • Patrick Henry Essay
    • John Hersey Essay
    • Patricia Highsmith Essay
    • Tony Hillerman Essay
    • Rolando Hinojosa-Smith Essay
    • S. E. Hinton Essay
    • Edward D. Hoch Essay
    • Linda Hogan Essay
    • Oliver Wendell Holmes Essay
    • Garrett Hongo Essay
    • Khaled Hosseini Essay
    • Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston Essay
    • Langston Hughes Essay
    • Charlayne Hunter-Gault Essay
    • Zora Neale Hurston Essay
    • David Henry Hwang Essay
    • David Ignatow Essay
    • Lawson Fusao Inada Essay
    • Washington Irving Essay
    • Helen Hunt Jackson Essay
    • Shirley Jackson Essay
    • Harriet Jacobs Essay
    •  John Jakes Essay
    • Henry James Essay
    • Robinson Jeffers Essay
    • Thomas Jefferson Essay
    • Gish Jen Essay
    • Sarah Orne Jewett Essay
    • Ha Jin Essay
    • James Weldon Johnson Essay
    • LeRoi Jones Essay
    • Chief Joseph Essay
    • Sebastian Junger Essay
    • Donald Justice Essay
    • Mary Karr Essay
    • Garrison Keillor Essay
    • Helen Keller Essay
    • John F. Kennedy Essay
    • Robert F. Kennedy Essay
    • William Kennedy Essay
    • Jane Kenyon Essay
    • Jack Kerouac Essay
    • Ken Kesey Essay
    • Daniel Keyes Essay
    • Sue Monk Kidd Essay
    • Jamaica Kincaid Essay
    • Martin Luther King Jr.
    • Stephen King Essay
    • Barbara Kingsolver Essay
    • Maxine Hong Kingston Essay
    • Galway Kinnell Essay
    • John Knowles Essay
    • Yusef Komunyakaa Essay
    • Dean Koontz Essay
    • Ted Kooser Essay
    • Jon Krakauer Essay
    • Tony Kushner Essay
    • Randall Jarrell Essay
    • Frank Horne Essay
    • Tess Gallagher Essay
    • Charles Frazier Essay
    • Jhumpa Lahiri Essay
    • Louis L’Amour Essay
    • Ring Lardner Essay
    • Nella Larsen Essay
    • Jerome Lawrence Essay
    • Emma Lazarus Essay
    • Andrea Lee Essay
    • Harper Lee Essay
    • Li-Young Lee Essay
    • Robert E. Lee Essay
    • Ursula K. Le Guin Essay
    • Madeleine L’Engle Essay
    • Elmore Leonard Essay
    • Julius Lester Essay
    • Denise Levertov Essay
    • Philip Levine Essay
    • Meriwether Lewis Essay
    • Sinclair Lewis Essay
    • Alan Lightman Essay 
    • Abraham Lincoln Essay
    • Anne Morrow Lindbergh Essay
    • Vachel Lindsay Essay
    • Robert Lipsyte Essay
    • Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Essay
    • Jack London Essay
    • Barry Lopez Essay
    • Audre Lorde Essay
    • H.P. Lovecraft Essay
    • Amy Lowell Essay
    • James Russell Lowell Essay
    • Robert Lowell Essay
    • Lois Lowry Essay
    • Robert Ludlum Essay
    • Archibald MacLeish Essay
    • Naomi Long Madgett Essay
    • Norman Mailer Essay
    • Bernard Malamud Essay
    • Malcolm X Essay
    • David Mamet Essay
    • Bobbie Ann Mason Essay
    • Edgar Lee Masters Essay
    • Cotton Mather Essay
    • Cormac McCarthy Essay
    • Mary McCarthy Essay
    • Frank McCourt Essay
    • Carson McCullers Essay
    • Colleen McElroy Essay
    • Alice McDermott Essay
    • Claude McKay Essay
    • Terry McMillan Essay
    • Larry McMurtry Essay
    • Terrence McNally Essay
    • D’Arcy McNickle Essay
    • Herman Melville Essay
    • Eve Merriam Essay
    • James Merrill Essay
    • Arthur Miller Essay
    • Toshio Mori Essay
    • Toni Morrison Essay
    • Walter Mosley Essay
    • Mourning Dove Essay
    • Bharati Mukherjee Essay
    • Walter Dean Myers Essay
    • Azar Nafisi Essay
    • Ogden Nash Essay
    • Gloria Naylor Essay
    • Frank Norris Essay
    • Howard Nemerov Essay
    • Jim Northrup Essay
    • Naomi Shihab Nye Essay
    • Joyce Carol Oates Essay
    • Tim O’Brien Essay
    • Flannery O’Connor Essay
    • Clifford Odets Essay
    • Frank O’Hara Essay
    • John O’Hara Essay
    • John Okada Essay
    • Sharon Olds Essay
    • Mary Oliver Essay
    • Charles Olson Essay
    • Eugene O’Neill Essay
    • Simon J. Ortiz Essay
    • Cynthia Ozick Essay
    • ZZ Packer Essay
    • Thomas Paine Essay
    • Chuck Palahniuk Essay
    • Grace Paley Essay
    • Americo Paredes Essay
    • Dorothy Parker Essay
    • Gordon Parks Essay
    • Suzan-Lori Parks Essay
    • Ann Patchett Essay
    • Katherine Paterson Essay
    • James Patterson Essay
    • Gary Paulsen Essay
    • Richard Peck Essay
    • Walker Percy Essay
    • Ann Petry Essay
    • Marge Piercy Essay
    • Sylvia Plath Essay
    • George Plimpton Essay
    • Edgar Allan Poe Essay
    • Katherine Anne Porter Essay
    • Chaim Potok Essay
    • Ezra Pound Essay
    • Helen Prejean Essay
    • Annie Proulx Essay
    • Thomas Pynchon Essay
    • Anna Quindlen Essay
    • Ayn Rand Essay
    • Dudley Randall Essay
    • John Crowe Ransom Essay
    • Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings Essay
    • Ishamel Reed Essay
    • Anne Rice Essay
    • Adrienne Rich Essay
    • Alberto Alvaro Rios Essay
    • Tomas Rivera Essay
    • Edwin Robinson Essay
    • Marilynne Robinson Essay
    • Richard Rodriguez Essay
    • Theodore Roethke Essay
    • Eleanor Roosevelt Essay
    • Wendy Rose Essay
    • Philip Roth Essay
    • Mary Rowlandson Essay
    • Susanna Haswell Rowson Essay
    • Muriel Rukeyser Essay
    • Kay Ryan Essay
    • Cynthia Rylant Essay
    • Louis Sachar Essay
    • William Safire Essay
    • J. D. Salinger Essay
    • Sonia Sanchez Essay
    • William Saroyan Essay
    • Chief Seattle Essay
    • Alice Sebold Essay
    • David Sedaris Essay
    • Maurice Sendak Essay
    • Dr. Seuss Essay
    • Anne Sexton Essay
    • Ntozake Shange Essay
    • Sam Shepard Essay
    • Leslie Marmon Silko Essay
    • Shel Silverstein Essay
    • Charles Simic Essay
    • Neil Simon Essay
    • Upton Sinclair Essay
    • Isaac Bashevis Singer Essay
    • Jane Smiley Essay
    • Anna Deavere Smith Essay
    • Gary Snyder Essay
    • Susan Sontag Essay
    • Gary Soto Essay
    • Nicholas Sparks Essay
    • Art Spiegelman Essay
    • Jerry Spinelli Essay
    • William Stafford Essay
    • Danielle Steel Essay
    • Wallace Stegner Essay
    • John Steinbeck Essay
    • Wallace Stevens Essay
    • R. L. Stine Essay
    • Harriet Beecher Stowe Essay
    • William Styron Essay
    • May Swenson Essay
    • Mary TallMountain Essay
    • Amy Tan Essay
    • Ida Tarbell Essay
    • Sara Teasdale Essay
    • Studs Terkel Essay
    • Ernest Lawrence Thayer Essay
    • Hunter S. Thompson Essay
    • Henry David Thoreau Essay
    • James Thurber Essay
    • Jean Toomer Essay
    • William Trogden Essay
    • Mark Twain Essay
    • Anne Tyler Essay
    • Yoshiko Uchida Essay
    • John Updike Essay
    • Jean Valentine Essay
    • Gore Vidal Essay
    • Paula Vogel Essay
    • Kurt Vonnegut Jr. Essay
    • Alice Walker Essay
    • Margaret Walker Essay
    • Jeannette Walls Essay
    • Robert Penn Warren Essay
    • Booker T. Washington Essay
    • Wendy Wasserstein Essay
    • James Welch Essay
    • Eudora Welty Essay
    • Nathanael West Essay
    • Edith Wharton Essay
    • Phillis Wheatley Essay
    • E. B. White Essay
    • Walt Whitman Essay
    • John Edgar Wideman Essay
    • Richard Wilbur Essay
    • Laura Ingalls Wilder Essay
    • Thornton Wilder Essay
    • John Greenleaf Whittier Essay
    • Tennessee Williams Essay
    • William Carlos Williams Essay
    • August Wilson Essay
    • John Winthrop Essay
    • Larry Woiwode Essay
    • Thomas Wolfe Essay
    • Tom Wolfe Essay
    • Tobias Wolff Essay
    • Herman Wouk Essay
    • Richard Wright Essay
    • Hisaye Yamamoto Essay
    • Laurence Yep Essay
    • Anzia Yezierska Essay
    • Jane Yolen Essay
    • Paul Zindel Essay

Footer

  • Terms of Use
  • Cookie Policy
  • Revision Policy
  • Fair Use Policy
  • Privacy Policy
  • Money Back Guarantee
  • Quality Evaluation Policy
  • Frequently Asked Questions